Overview / Routes / Bio-based thermosets & vitrimers
Epoxies from vanillin and plant oils, itaconic and furan networks, cardanol resins and dynamic covalent networks.
Scope: Vanillin/lignin epoxies, epoxidised plant oils, itaconic and furan Diels–Alder networks, cardanol benzoxazines, dynamic covalent networks.
Auvergne et al. review bio-based thermosetting epoxies; Fache et al. describe vanillin as a key intermediate for bio-based polymers.
Fortman et al. note that covalent cross-links make thermosets robust but prevent recycling into similar-value goods, and review recyclable cross-linked designs.
Montarnal et al. reported networks that are stable like thermosets yet can be reshaped in the melt - the vitrimer concept based on exchangeable covalent bonds.
Robert and Friebel review itaconic acid as an unsaturated building block for renewable polyesters.
Lignin-derivable aromatic aldehyde; precursor of bio-based epoxy monomers.
COc1cc(C=O)ccc1OFermentation-derived unsaturated diacid for curable polyesters.
C=C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)OFuran monomer for furan resins and Diels–Alder networks.
OCc1ccco1Representative: cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid is a mixture; shown is the C15 triene component.
C=CC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC1=CC(=CC=C1)ODrawn from SMILES with RDKit and verified against PubChem. Full structure library →
Curing of bio-based epoxy monomers with hardeners; free-radical curing of unsaturated polyesters; dynamic exchange chemistry for vitrimers.
Not summarised here.
Sourced property table (ND where no value is quoted) →
Each attribute is recorded separately and never inferred from another.
None listed. Organisations are named here only when a checked development or cited source names them.
Cross-cutting: Durability in long-life products · Bio-based content & claim accounting (C14 vs mass balance) · End of life & recyclability streams
they also prevent recycling of these materials into similar-value goods[Fortman 2018]
long-term environmental stability of inherently dynamic polymers[Fortman 2018]
A polymer shows thermoset-like stability while displaying melt processability like that of a thermopolymer.[Montarnal 2011]
Each quote is re-checked against the published abstract in CI.
No checked developments.
“Dual dynamic bonds yield strong, self-healing bio-based epoxy vitrimers” (title)
“Mechanical and thermal property enhancement of an isosorbide-based bio-epoxy resin” (title)
“cross-linking thioctic acid and aromatic petroleum-derived epoxy monomers through dynamic imine, disulfide, and hydrogen bonds” (abstract)
“epoxy thermosets Co-modified with a bio-based hyperbranched phosphorus polymer and red mud” (title)
“Hierarchical structure in lignins and their influence in bio-based thermoset production” (title)
“was synthesized from eugenol through hydrosilylation followed by epoxidation” (abstract)
“programmable cardanol-based polyurethane acrylates with dynamic hindered urea bonds” (abstract)
“A castor oil-derived monomer bearing both acrylate groups and hindered urea bonds” (abstract)
“Ultra-strong multifunctional itaconic acid-based vitrimers by tailored confined phase separation” (title)
“for proton transport membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications” (abstract)
No checked developments.
“This work provides a facile route to a novel partially bio‐based benzoxazine from renewable building blocks” (abstract)
“The bio-based benzoxazine thermosetting resins were synthesized using cardanol as a natural phenol” (abstract)
“N,O–DFDA was prepared from difurfurylamine (DFDA), a bio–based diamine” (abstract)
“Mechanically robust, environment resistant, and reprocessable lignin-derived polyurethane vitrimer” (title)
“Lignin-derived epoxy covalent adaptable networks with dynamic silyl ether exchange” (title)
“we propose a design strategy that combines a CO 2 -derived dynamic covalent network (DCN) with efficient physical recyclability” (abstract)
“Cardanol-curing-enabled interfacial stabilization” (title)
“our lipoate matrix enables printed objects to be thermally recycled directly back into their original printable ink” (abstract)
“functionalized furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adducts, derived from furfural, as preformed monomers” (abstract)
“Reaction-byproduct-enabled pore engineering in bio-based cork composites” (title)