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BIOPOLYMER Intelligence

Overview / Routes / Bio-polyurethanes & NIPU

Urethanes

Bio-polyurethanes & NIPU

Bio-based polyols and isocyanates, and non-isocyanate polyurethanes from cyclic carbonates and amines.

Scope: Bio-polyols (castor, other plant oils, lignin), bio-isocyanates (for example PDI), cyclic carbonate + amine NIPU.

What it is

Conventional polyurethanes are made from polyisocyanates and polyols. Rokicki et al. review non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU), which avoid isocyanates, and identify poly(hydroxy-urethane)s from cyclic carbonates and amines as the most developed route.

Chemistry summary

Polyaddition of a polyol to an isocyanate gives urethane links. In NIPU, an amine opens a cyclic carbonate to give a hydroxyurethane (see Chemistry).

monomer

Glycerol carbonate

Five-membered cyclic carbonate; amines open it to hydroxyurethanes (NIPU).

O=C1OCC(CO)O1
monomer

Pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI)

Aliphatic diisocyanate that can be made from bio-based cadaverine.

O=C=NCCCCCN=C=O
feedstock

Ricinoleic acid

Main fatty acid of castor oil; source of PA11 and sebacic-acid chemistry and of bio-polyols.

CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)O
representative unit

Coniferyl alcohol

Representative lignin monolignol (G unit); lignin itself has no single defined structure.

OC/C=C/c1ccc(O)c(OC)c1

Drawn from SMILES with RDKit and verified against PubChem. Full structure library →

Synthesis and production

Bio-polyols from plant oils or lignin; bio-based diisocyanates such as pentamethylene diisocyanate; cyclic carbonates such as glycerol carbonate.

Property profile

Not summarised here.

Sourced property table (ND where no value is quoted) →

End-of-life profile

Each attribute is recorded separately and never inferred from another.

Bio-based originGrade-specific; usually only part of the formulation is bio-based.
BiodegradabilityNot assessed here.
CompostabilityNot assessed here.
RecyclabilityNot assessed here.

Key players

None listed. Organisations are named here only when a checked development or cited source names them.

Typical applications
foams, coatings, adhesives (as cited)

Open challenges

  • Residual fossil components (isocyanate, amine) in "bio-based" PU.
  • Slower cure and lower molar mass in many NIPU systems.

Cross-cutting: Bio-based content & claim accounting (C14 vs mass balance) · Processing window & crystallisation speed · Durability in long-life products

Quoted support for this page (1)
  • poly(hydroxy‐urethane)s, based upon multicyclic carbonates and aliphatic amines [Rokicki 2015]

Each quote is re-checked against the published abstract in CI.

Monthly track

October 2026 in progress · scanned through 2026-10-20

No checked developments.

Machine-triaged leads (29)
machine-triagedFormulation / application5 Oct 2026· ChemRxivpreprint

Overcoming the Density Limitation of Polyhydroxyurethane Self-Blown Foams through Sol–Gel Chemistry

Alkoxysilane additives yield non-isocyanate polyhydroxyurethane foams with low density and humidity-responsive rebound resilience, the authors report.
“This work demonstrates a simple and versatile alkoxysilane-assisted self-co-blowing strategy toward low-density NIPU cellular materials” (abstract)
doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009898/v1
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· International Journal of Biological Macromoleculesjournaltitle only

Dual-feedstock bio-based polyurethane elastomers from lignin polyol and PHB-diol with enhanced mechanical and thermal performance

Bio-based polyurethane elastomers are prepared from lignin polyol and PHB-diol as dual feedstocks, with the title reporting enhanced mechanical and thermal performance.
“Dual-feedstock bio-based polyurethane elastomers from lignin polyol and PHB-diol” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153972
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· Industrial Crops and Productsjournaltitle only

Enzyme–deep eutectic solvent synergistic enabled bamboo fiber interfacial engineering to construct lignin-regenerated high-performance bio-based polyurethane foam

An enzyme–deep eutectic solvent treatment of bamboo fibre is used in interfacial engineering to construct lignin-regenerated bio-based polyurethane foam.
“construct lignin-regenerated high-performance bio-based polyurethane foam” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124433
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· Materials Research Bulletinjournaltitle only

Decoupling reinforcement mechanisms in bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from castor oil and Tetraclinis articulata lignin: A comparative study with upcycled graphite fillers

Reinforcement mechanisms are compared in bio-based rigid polyurethane foams made from castor oil and Tetraclinis articulata lignin with upcycled graphite fillers.
“bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from castor oil and Tetraclinis articulata lignin” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114215
machine-triagedNew chemistry2 Oct 2026· European Polymer Journaljournal

Bio-sourced polyurethane foams through oxidative decarboxylation of oxamic acids under off-stoichiometric conditions

Bio-based polyurethane foams were made from unmodified castor oil using oxidative decarboxylation of bis-oxamic acids as a masked-isocyanate, self-blowing approach requiring excess oxamic acid.
“Bio-based polyurethane foams were synthesized from unmodified castor oil using a masked-isocyanate strategy” (abstract)
doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.115127
machine-triagedFormulation / application1 Oct 2026· ChemistrySelectjournal

Sustainable Multi‐Functional Pigment Printing of Cotton Fabric Using Palm Oil‐Derived Polyurethane–Acrylic Hybrid Latexes

Palm oil-derived diethanolamide was copolymerised into silicone-grafted polyurethane-acrylic hybrid latexes and applied as pigment-printing binder on cotton fabric.
“high bio‐based content polyurethane–acrylic hybrid latexes with grafting silicone (Si‐POPUA)” (abstract)
doi:10.1002/slct.74840
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· European Polymer Journaljournaltitle only

Bio-based high-thermal-conductivity non-isocyanate polyurethane composites with flame-retardant and self-healing capabilities: design and performance regulation

Bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethane composites are designed for high thermal conductivity together with flame retardancy and self-healing capability.
“Bio-based high-thermal-conductivity non-isocyanate polyurethane composites with flame-retardant and self-healing capabilities” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.115037
machine-triagedFormulation / application1 Oct 2026· Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculturejournal

Utilizing in-situ extracted nano-SiO₂ from rice straw to coordinate polyol quality and sustained nutrient release of bio-based polyurethane coating for controlled-release fertilizer

Rice straw was liquefied after steam explosion and desilication, and the recovered nano-SiO₂ was used in a straw-based polyurethane coating that extended nitrogen release to 77 days.
“extending the nitrogen (N) release period from 49 to 77 days” (abstract)
doi:10.1186/s40538-026-01069-w
machine-triagedNew chemistry1 Oct 2026· Collagen and Leatherjournal

Bio-hydrophilic chain extenders with amphiphilic character for waterborne polyurethane derived from castor oil/tea seed oil: separation, synthesis, and application

Castor oil and tea seed oil were converted via thiol-ene click chemistry into amphiphilic chain extenders, which were used to prepare waterborne polyurethane emulsions and films.
“castor oil (CO) and tea seed oil (TSO) were selected as feedstocks to fabricate bio-based hydrophilic chain extenders (HCEs) for water-based polyurethane (WPU)” (abstract)
doi:10.1186/s42825-026-00263-8
machine-triagedFormulation / application4 Oct 2026· Polymerjournaltitle only

Engineering bio-based ternary synergistic flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites: Fish scale protein/phytic acid/silane coupling agent for simultaneous fire safety and mechanical enhancement

Study describes bio-based rigid polyurethane foam composites using fish scale protein, phytic acid and a silane coupling agent for flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement.
“Engineering bio-based ternary synergistic flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2026.130905
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· Next Materialsjournaltitle only

Sustainable utilization of mechanochemically modified ceramic filter press waste as a functional filler for the development of bio-based rigid polyurethane foams

The title describes using mechanochemically modified ceramic filter press waste as a functional filler in bio-based rigid polyurethane foams.
“mechanochemically modified ceramic filter press waste as a functional filler” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102634
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· Sustainable Materials and Technologiesjournaltitle only

Formaldehyde-free Cardanol-sourced Mannich polyol based polyurethane/ODTMS grafted Nano silica self-cleaning coatings with anti-fouling and anti-icing properties

Formaldehyde-free cardanol-sourced Mannich polyol is used in polyurethane/nano-silica self-cleaning coatings with anti-fouling and anti-icing properties.
“Formaldehyde-free Cardanol-sourced Mannich polyol based polyurethane” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e02142
machine-triagedFormulation / application1 Oct 2026· Chemical Engineering Journaljournaltitle only

Three-dimensional π–π stacking meets covalent cross-linking: Molecular engineering of renewable castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane protective coatings for oak wood

Describes renewable castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane protective coatings for oak wood, combining π–π stacking with covalent cross-linking.
“renewable castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane protective coatings for oak wood” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.182631
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· Chemical Engineering Journaljournaltitle only

Bio-based polyurethane with hierarchical supramolecular-covalent dynamic networks for room-temperature self-healing and sustainable triboelectric motion monitoring

Reports a bio-based polyurethane with hierarchical supramolecular-covalent dynamic networks for room-temperature self-healing and triboelectric motion monitoring.
“Bio-based polyurethane with hierarchical supramolecular-covalent dynamic networks” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.182837
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationOct 2026· Sustainable Materials and Technologiesjournaltitle only

A fully bio-based sandwich coatings for simultaneous flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal insulation of flexible polyurethane foam

Fully bio-based sandwich coatings are applied to flexible polyurethane foam for flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal insulation.
“A fully bio-based sandwich coatings for simultaneous flame retardancy” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e02188
machine-triagedFormulation / application5 Oct 2026· Advanced Materials Interfacesjournal

Amphiphilic Non‐Isocyanate Polyurethane Coatings With Tunable Antifouling and Fouling‐Release Performance: A Log‐Ratio Assessment Framework

Amphiphilic non-isocyanate polyurethane coatings with PDMS and MPEG prepolymers were tuned and tested for marine antifouling and fouling-release performance against several organisms.
“amphiphilic non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) coatings containing reactive hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane)” (abstract)
doi:10.1002/admi.70683

September 2026

No checked developments.

Machine-triaged leads (12)
machine-triagedNew chemistry1 Sept 2026· Sustainable materials and technologiesjournaltitle only

Reprocessable, high-performance, and degradable bio-based polyhydroxyurethane vitrimers from a Musk T diamide dicyclocarbonate and a vanillin-glycerol epoxy adduct

Title describes reprocessable and degradable bio-based polyhydroxyurethane vitrimers based on a Musk T diamide dicyclocarbonate and a vanillin-glycerol epoxy adduct.
“bio-based polyhydroxyurethane vitrimers from a Musk T diamide dicyclocarbonate and a vanillin-glycerol epoxy adduct” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e02234
machine-triagedNew chemistry1 Sept 2026· Macromolecular Materials and Engineeringjournal

Amino Acid‐Based Thermoplastic Polyurethanes for Pelvic Floor Tissue Scaffolds

A biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane made with an amino acid-based diisocyanate, polycaprolactone diol and PEG was processed into porous scaffolds for pelvic floor tissue.
“A biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was synthesized using an amino acid-based diisocyanate” (abstract)
doi:10.1002/mame.70353
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationSept 2026· Industrial Crops and Productsjournaltitle only

Wholly bio-based hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane coatings reinforced with surface-engineered cellulose nanofibers for sustainable wood protection

The work describes wholly bio-based hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane coatings reinforced with surface-engineered cellulose nanofibers for wood protection.
“Wholly bio-based hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane coatings reinforced with surface-engineered cellulose nanofibers” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124121
machine-triagedFormulation / applicationSept 2026· Industrial Crops and Productsjournaltitle only

Polycaprolactone polyol/castor oil composite polyol-based polyurethane-coated urea: Nitrogen release characteristics, coating degradation behavior, and field performance on rubber tree yield

The study evaluates polyurethane coatings from polycaprolactone polyol and castor oil composite polyol for coated urea, covering nitrogen release, degradation and rubber tree yield.
“Polycaprolactone polyol/castor oil composite polyol-based polyurethane-coated urea” (title)
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124237

References

  1. Rokicki G., Parzuchowski P.G., Mazurek M. (2015). Non‐isocyanate polyurethanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. doi:10.1002/pat.3522 review
  2. Upton B.M., Kasko A.M. (2016). Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective. Chemical Reviews. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00345 review

Full literature list →