Overview / Routes / Bio-polyurethanes & NIPU
Bio-polyurethanes & NIPU
Bio-based polyols and isocyanates, and non-isocyanate polyurethanes from cyclic carbonates and amines.
Scope: Bio-polyols (castor, other plant oils, lignin), bio-isocyanates (for example PDI), cyclic carbonate + amine NIPU.
What it is
Conventional polyurethanes are made from polyisocyanates and polyols. Rokicki et al. review non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU), which avoid isocyanates, and identify poly(hydroxy-urethane)s from cyclic carbonates and amines as the most developed route.
Chemistry summary
Polyaddition of a polyol to an isocyanate gives urethane links. In NIPU, an amine opens a cyclic carbonate to give a hydroxyurethane (see Chemistry).
Glycerol carbonate
Five-membered cyclic carbonate; amines open it to hydroxyurethanes (NIPU).
O=C1OCC(CO)O1Pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI)
Aliphatic diisocyanate that can be made from bio-based cadaverine.
O=C=NCCCCCN=C=ORicinoleic acid
Main fatty acid of castor oil; source of PA11 and sebacic-acid chemistry and of bio-polyols.
CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OConiferyl alcohol
Representative lignin monolignol (G unit); lignin itself has no single defined structure.
OC/C=C/c1ccc(O)c(OC)c1Drawn from SMILES with RDKit and verified against PubChem. Full structure library →
Synthesis and production
Bio-polyols from plant oils or lignin; bio-based diisocyanates such as pentamethylene diisocyanate; cyclic carbonates such as glycerol carbonate.
Property profile
Not summarised here.
Sourced property table (ND where no value is quoted) →
End-of-life profile
Each attribute is recorded separately and never inferred from another.
Key players
None listed. Organisations are named here only when a checked development or cited source names them.
- Typical applications
- foams, coatings, adhesives (as cited)
Open challenges
- Residual fossil components (isocyanate, amine) in "bio-based" PU.
- Slower cure and lower molar mass in many NIPU systems.
Cross-cutting: Bio-based content & claim accounting (C14 vs mass balance) · Processing window & crystallisation speed · Durability in long-life products
Quoted support for this page (1)
poly(hydroxy‐urethane)s, based upon multicyclic carbonates and aliphatic amines
[Rokicki 2015]
Each quote is re-checked against the published abstract in CI.
Monthly track
October 2026 in progress · scanned through 2026-10-20
No checked developments.
Machine-triaged leads (29)
Overcoming the Density Limitation of Polyhydroxyurethane Self-Blown Foams through Sol–Gel Chemistry
“This work demonstrates a simple and versatile alkoxysilane-assisted self-co-blowing strategy toward low-density NIPU cellular materials” (abstract)
Effect of tall oil-based bio-polyol content on the physico-chemical and morphological properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams
“tall oil-based bio-polyol content” (title)
Dual-feedstock bio-based polyurethane elastomers from lignin polyol and PHB-diol with enhanced mechanical and thermal performance
“Dual-feedstock bio-based polyurethane elastomers from lignin polyol and PHB-diol” (title)
Enzyme–deep eutectic solvent synergistic enabled bamboo fiber interfacial engineering to construct lignin-regenerated high-performance bio-based polyurethane foam
“construct lignin-regenerated high-performance bio-based polyurethane foam” (title)
Tailoring polyol blends for Efficient lignin oxyalkylation toward High-Performance Soy-Lignin polyurethane flexible foams
Decoupling reinforcement mechanisms in bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from castor oil and Tetraclinis articulata lignin: A comparative study with upcycled graphite fillers
“bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from castor oil and Tetraclinis articulata lignin” (title)
Exploring the potential of lignin-derived monomers in sustainable polyurethane development
“lignin is well-suited to substitute conventional polyols in polyurethane synthesis” (abstract)
Bio-based polyurethane coatings from sugarcane bagasse acetosolv lignin with enhanced anticorrosive performance
Bio-sourced polyurethane foams through oxidative decarboxylation of oxamic acids under off-stoichiometric conditions
“Bio-based polyurethane foams were synthesized from unmodified castor oil using a masked-isocyanate strategy” (abstract)
Bio-based polyol-assisted glycolysis and synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams: A closed-loop approach
“Bio-based polyol-assisted glycolysis and synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams” (title)
Sustainable Multi‐Functional Pigment Printing of Cotton Fabric Using Palm Oil‐Derived Polyurethane–Acrylic Hybrid Latexes
“high bio‐based content polyurethane–acrylic hybrid latexes with grafting silicone (Si‐POPUA)” (abstract)
Bio-based high-thermal-conductivity non-isocyanate polyurethane composites with flame-retardant and self-healing capabilities: design and performance regulation
“Bio-based high-thermal-conductivity non-isocyanate polyurethane composites with flame-retardant and self-healing capabilities” (title)
Bio-based waterborne polyurethane coatings with superior seawater intrusion resistance for marine PET ropes
Vegetable oil-based non-isocyanate urethane methacrylate resins for greener vat photopolymerization 3D printing
“Vegetable oil-based non-isocyanate urethane methacrylate resins” (title)
Utilizing in-situ extracted nano-SiO₂ from rice straw to coordinate polyol quality and sustained nutrient release of bio-based polyurethane coating for controlled-release fertilizer
“extending the nitrogen (N) release period from 49 to 77 days” (abstract)
Bio-hydrophilic chain extenders with amphiphilic character for waterborne polyurethane derived from castor oil/tea seed oil: separation, synthesis, and application
“castor oil (CO) and tea seed oil (TSO) were selected as feedstocks to fabricate bio-based hydrophilic chain extenders (HCEs) for water-based polyurethane (WPU)” (abstract)
Emerging Applications of CO 2 ‐Based Polyurethanes: Bridging Material Sustainability and High‐Performance Engineering
“synthesized via the copolymerization of CO 2 with epoxides” (abstract)
Engineering bio-based ternary synergistic flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites: Fish scale protein/phytic acid/silane coupling agent for simultaneous fire safety and mechanical enhancement
“Engineering bio-based ternary synergistic flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites” (title)
Sustainable non-isocyanate polyurethane resins derived from food waste: An innovative approach to fatty acid upcycling
Rapid photothermal self-healing bio-based waterborne polyurethane enabled by oxime-urethane and quadruple hydrogen bonds with h-BN
“Rapid photothermal self-healing bio-based waterborne polyurethane” (title)
Sustainable utilization of mechanochemically modified ceramic filter press waste as a functional filler for the development of bio-based rigid polyurethane foams
“mechanochemically modified ceramic filter press waste as a functional filler” (title)
Formaldehyde-free Cardanol-sourced Mannich polyol based polyurethane/ODTMS grafted Nano silica self-cleaning coatings with anti-fouling and anti-icing properties
“Formaldehyde-free Cardanol-sourced Mannich polyol based polyurethane” (title)
Sustainable Polyurethanes: From Renewable Building Blocks to Circular Materials
Three-dimensional π–π stacking meets covalent cross-linking: Molecular engineering of renewable castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane protective coatings for oak wood
“renewable castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane protective coatings for oak wood” (title)
Bio-based polyurethane with hierarchical supramolecular-covalent dynamic networks for room-temperature self-healing and sustainable triboelectric motion monitoring
“Bio-based polyurethane with hierarchical supramolecular-covalent dynamic networks” (title)
Sustainable high-performance polyurethane modified asphalt via chemically recycled polyethylene terephthalate and castor oil: synthesis, optimization, and performance evaluation
A fully bio-based sandwich coatings for simultaneous flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal insulation of flexible polyurethane foam
“A fully bio-based sandwich coatings for simultaneous flame retardancy” (title)
Amphiphilic Non‐Isocyanate Polyurethane Coatings With Tunable Antifouling and Fouling‐Release Performance: A Log‐Ratio Assessment Framework
“amphiphilic non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) coatings containing reactive hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane)” (abstract)
September 2026
No checked developments.
Machine-triaged leads (12)
Non-isocyanate polyurethanes from bio-based isosorbide with enhanced thermal, mechanical and adhesive properties
Reprocessable, high-performance, and degradable bio-based polyhydroxyurethane vitrimers from a Musk T diamide dicyclocarbonate and a vanillin-glycerol epoxy adduct
“bio-based polyhydroxyurethane vitrimers from a Musk T diamide dicyclocarbonate and a vanillin-glycerol epoxy adduct” (title)
Sustainable water-based synthesis of CO₂-derived β-hydroxy urethanes toward tough isocyanate-free epoxy materials
Functional bio-based polyurethanes from lignin oligomer-initiated ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters
A bio-based approach to high-performance flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams with integrated strength and thermal insulation
Lignin-based waterborne polyurethane for sustainable wood adhesives with enhanced strength and anti-aging properties
CO2-fixing transforms sustainable source to non-isocyanate polyurethane with ultrahigh fire safety, strength, ductility and adhesion
“CO2-fixing transforms sustainable source to non-isocyanate polyurethane” (title)
Amino Acid‐Based Thermoplastic Polyurethanes for Pelvic Floor Tissue Scaffolds
“A biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was synthesized using an amino acid-based diisocyanate” (abstract)
Sustainable CO2-based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes: Performance optimization strategies and future Perspectives
Wholly bio-based hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane coatings reinforced with surface-engineered cellulose nanofibers for sustainable wood protection
“Wholly bio-based hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane coatings reinforced with surface-engineered cellulose nanofibers” (title)
Polycaprolactone polyol/castor oil composite polyol-based polyurethane-coated urea: Nitrogen release characteristics, coating degradation behavior, and field performance on rubber tree yield
“Polycaprolactone polyol/castor oil composite polyol-based polyurethane-coated urea” (title)
Bio-Based Self-Healing Polyurethane Coatings for Electronic Skin: From Dynamic Network Design to Embodied Intelligent Applications
“Bio-based self-healing polyurethane, leveraging tunable soft–hard segment structures” (abstract)
References
- Rokicki G., Parzuchowski P.G., Mazurek M. (2015). Non‐isocyanate polyurethanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. doi:10.1002/pat.3522 review
- Upton B.M., Kasko A.M. (2016). Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective. Chemical Reviews. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00345 review