{ "companies": [ { "company_id": "svante", "name": "Svante", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://svanteinc.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "carbon-clean", "name": "Carbon Clean", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.carbonclean.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "climeworks", "name": "Climeworks", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://climeworks.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "slb-capturi", "name": "SLB Capturi", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.capturi.slb.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "twelve", "name": "Twelve", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.twelve.co/", "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "dioxycle", "name": "Dioxycle", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://dioxycle.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "oxylus-energy", "name": "Oxylus Energy", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.oxylusenergy.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "carbon-recycling-international", "name": "Carbon Recycling International", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.carbonrecycling.com/", "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "liquid-wind", "name": "Liquid Wind", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.liquidwind.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "hif-global", "name": "HIF Global", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://hifglobal.com/", "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "lanzatech", "name": "LanzaTech", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://lanzatech.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "covestro", "name": "Covestro", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.covestro.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "carboncure", "name": "CarbonCure", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://www.carboncure.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "carbonbuilt", "name": "CarbonBuilt", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://carbonbuilt.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "carbicrete", "name": "CarbiCrete", "aliases": [], "country": null, "website": "https://carbicrete.com/", "watchlist_only": true, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "kasso-midco", "name": "Kassø MidCo / Solar Park Kassø", "aliases": [], "country": "Denmark", "website": "https://europeanenergy.com/kasso/", "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "jiangsu-sailboat", "name": "Jiangsu Sailboat", "aliases": [], "country": "China", "website": null, "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "icodos", "name": "ICODOS", "aliases": [], "country": "Germany", "website": "https://icodos.com/", "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "henan-shuncheng", "name": "Henan Shuncheng Group", "aliases": [], "country": "China", "website": null, "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "ineratec", "name": "INERATEC", "aliases": [], "country": "Germany", "website": "https://www.ineratec.de/", "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false }, { "company_id": "heim-group", "name": "HEIM Group", "aliases": [], "country": "Germany", "website": null, "watchlist_only": false, "sample": false } ], "evidence": [ { "evidence_id": "source-kasso", "source_id": "european-energy", "url": "https://europeanenergy.com/2025/05/13/kasso-e-methanol-facility-officially-inaugurated/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-09T06:07:28.510919Z", "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "locator": "Opening paragraphs: inauguration, ownership, annual design capacity and feedstocks.", "excerpt": "European Energy reports the inauguration of Kassø on 13 May 2025 and a design capacity of 42,000 tonnes of e-methanol per year.", "content_sha256": "34d90e0162d438ef79b9d8cdf1ca077a24678cb918e9aa4b8d9ff348f63040b9", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-sailboat", "source_id": "carbon-recycling-international", "url": "https://carbonrecycling.com/projects/sailboat", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-09T06:07:28.510919Z", "publication_date": null, "locator": "Project description and Key facts; commissioning year, feedstocks and design capacity.", "excerpt": "CRI identifies Jiangsu Sailboat as commissioned in 2023, with a design output of 100,000 tonnes of methanol per year.", "content_sha256": "23a815da7a39b72f6fed53ab3249240ea994b05dad663678183a3014c73c6a9b", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-poseidon", "source_id": "poseidon", "url": "https://project-poseidon.eu/about/synthetic-methanol-pilot-plant/", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-09T06:07:28.510919Z", "publication_date": null, "locator": "Progress Highlights, September 2026; pilot design and biogas feedstock paragraphs.", "excerpt": "POSEIDON reports installation of three pilot modules in September 2026 at EBS Mannheim; this is construction progress, not verified continuous operation.", "content_sha256": "57608cb50ab9082e67df7d5fe3cebdcb042173d50a54d65e88677724b6099ea7", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-george-olah", "source_id": "carbon-recycling-international", "url": "https://carbonrecycling.com/projects/george-olah", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": "2023-11-13", "locator": "Plant history, capacity expansion paragraph and Key facts; publication date from page structured metadata.", "excerpt": "CRI describes a Svartsengi plant commissioned in 2012, later expanded to 4,000 tonnes/year of methanol, using geothermal off-gas CO₂ and electrolytic hydrogen.", "content_sha256": "0024c06c50fcc37e4c33b6631d6cb1dfede07bf72fc3047a3fe3a42332f6090b", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-shunli", "source_id": "carbon-recycling-international", "url": "https://carbonrecycling.com/projects/shunli", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": "2023-11-13", "locator": "Opening paragraphs and Key facts: Anyang location, majority owner, feedstocks, commissioning and design output; publication date from page metadata.", "excerpt": "CRI reports a Henan Shuncheng majority-owned plant in Anyang with 110,000 tonnes/year methanol capacity, using coke-production CO₂ and by-product hydrogen. The page places commissioning in 2022.", "content_sha256": "6cc84fe55273bc51464ec71b8a17105bdd0bea5ea00020fa5462c8c62bbeb6e8", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-haru-oni", "source_id": "hif-global", "url": "https://hifglobal.com/locations/hif-haru-oni", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": null, "locator": "About, Latest updates and main equipment: operating status, Punta Arenas, biogenic CO₂, electrolysis and methanol-to-gasoline technology.", "excerpt": "HIF describes Haru Oni as operating in Punta Arenas with biogenic CO₂, wind-powered hydrogen and methanol-to-gasoline synthesis. Direct air capture remains described as a future installation.", "content_sha256": "c8434ca642e2d9b0811bf8c94d5551a7955fa7f07021d2260124b186b3ebd821", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-haru-oni-design", "source_id": "hif-global", "url": "https://hifglobal.com/media/news-description/2022/12/20/hif-global-and-its-partners-celebrate-the-first-liters-of-synthetic-fuels-from-haru-oni-chile", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": "2022-12-20", "locator": "Opening announcement and first-stage production targets.", "excerpt": "HIF announced first synthetic gasoline production on 20 December 2022 and targets of 350 tons/year of e-methanol and 130,000 liters/year of e-gasoline; neither figure is measured annual output.", "content_sha256": "6b02a2df25f61f37ec33cfb5481aec60f5991b6f0b1c7b2c93994fb8b2e7ef07", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-airplant-one", "source_id": "twelve", "url": "https://www.twelve.co/airplant", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": null, "locator": "Page heading and introductory location paragraph; financing card describes a now-operational facility.", "excerpt": "Twelve states that AirPlant One is online in Moses Lake, Washington. The page provides no measured annual output.", "content_sha256": "c8e6b92ba890bcd391e0e56d244f990226d472bdf173fea7e9a755e6d8080a3c", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-airplant-design", "source_id": "twelve", "url": "https://www.twelve.co/post/emanufacturing-at-commercial-scale", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": "2026-07-06", "locator": "A New Model for Manufacturing and Why Moses Lake sections; publication date from structured metadata (updated 30 August 2026).", "excerpt": "Twelve describes CO₂ electrolysis to synthesis gas, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and upgrading at AirPlant One, with initial design capacity of approximately 40,000 gallons/year of E-Jet fuel.", "content_sha256": "47571dee99898972fecd46e648d6a5b1def584a99f57c6e84a7a768816c6cb29", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-era-one", "source_id": "ineratec", "url": "https://www.ineratec.de/en/era-one-e-fuels-made-germany", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": null, "locator": "Milestones: first e-fuels, Fischer–Tropsch reactor scale-up, hot commissioning, and Start into 2025; biogenic CO₂ feedstock paragraph.", "excerpt": "INERATEC reports operation and first product at its Frankfurt-Höchst ERA ONE plant. The project page identifies Fischer–Tropsch reactors and a design target of up to 2,500 tons/year of e-fuels.", "content_sha256": "1bebba697421e8928168e726585a7bcaf69c9a07617021b1f353f195a2c7351a", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-heim-berlin", "source_id": "neustark", "url": "https://www.neustark.com/en/news/from-pilot-project-to-the-first-commercial-co2-storage-site-in-germany-a-case-study", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": "2024-08-15", "locator": "Opening case-study paragraphs, site launch, and Paradigm shift section; publication date from structured metadata.", "excerpt": "Neustark describes HEIM’s Berlin site operating since autumn 2023 and producing carbonated recycled aggregate. Its storage-capacity description is 1,000 or more tons of CO₂ per year, not aggregate output.", "content_sha256": "0d188b5fa32c05581789ee096e87d733cff992b31aeefdb18f368bfceea0bac3", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false }, { "evidence_id": "source-heim-launch", "source_id": "neustark", "url": "https://www.neustark.com/en/news/neustark-launches-the-first-commercial-site-for-permanent-co2-storage-in-the-eu", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T06:23:04.416146Z", "publication_date": "2023-09-29", "locator": "Opening capacity paragraph, How neustark removes CO₂ permanently, and partner/feedstock section; publication date from structured metadata.", "excerpt": "Neustark reports inauguration of HEIM’s Berlin site on 28 September 2023, supplied mainly with biogenic CO₂ from MVV’s Dresden fermentation plant, and storage capacity above 1,000 tons of CO₂ per year.", "content_sha256": "21aab96111fd51a5a21af7b25245ffb05b195d434c7bc7b744351934477f0575", "license_note": "Link and original attributed paraphrase only; no images or full source text redistributed.", "sample": false } ], "projects": [ { "project_id": "kasso-methanol", "project_name": "Kassø e-methanol facility", "company": "kasso-midco", "country": "Denmark", "region": "Europe", "location": "Aabenraa", "co2_source": "Biogenic CO₂ from biogas", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol", "primary_product": "Methanol", "development_status": "operation_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": { "value": 42000.0, "unit": "t/year", "basis": "product_output", "substance": "Methanol", "evidence_ids": [ "source-kasso" ] }, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": "t/year", "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-kasso" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-09", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "European Energy company announcement dated 13 May 2025. Design capacity is not measured annual production. Present throughput, uptime and independently verified lifecycle performance are not established here.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "jiangsu-sailboat", "project_name": "Jiangsu Sailboat CO₂-to-methanol plant", "company": "jiangsu-sailboat", "country": "China", "region": "China", "location": "Lianyungang, Jiangsu", "co2_source": "CO₂ from ethylene oxide production", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol", "primary_product": "Methanol", "development_status": "commissioned_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": { "value": 100000.0, "unit": "t/year", "basis": "product_output", "substance": "Methanol", "evidence_ids": [ "source-sailboat" ] }, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": "t/year", "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-sailboat" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-09", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "CRI reports commissioning in 2023. This is a historical baseline, not a new 2026 event. Design output is not verified operating throughput; no carbon-saving claim is adopted.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "poseidon-mannheim", "project_name": "POSEIDON Mannheim pilot", "company": "icodos", "country": "Germany", "region": "Europe", "location": "EBS Mannheim wastewater treatment site", "co2_source": "CO₂ separated from wastewater-treatment biogas", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol", "primary_product": "Methanol", "development_status": "module_installation_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": null, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": null, "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-poseidon" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-09", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "Consortium progress page reports module installation in September 2026; exact day and page publication date are unknown. Planned 500 L/day is a design target, not demonstrated output, and is not converted to tonnes. No commissioning or achieved TRL is inferred.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "george-olah", "project_name": "George Olah renewable methanol plant", "company": "carbon-recycling-international", "country": "Iceland", "region": "Europe", "location": "Svartsengi, Reykjanes Peninsula", "co2_source": "CO₂ from adjacent geothermal power-plant off-gas", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol", "primary_product": "Methanol", "development_status": "commissioned_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": { "value": 4000.0, "unit": "t/year", "basis": "product_output", "substance": "Methanol", "evidence_ids": [ "source-george-olah" ] }, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": "t/year", "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-george-olah" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-10", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "Historical baseline: CRI reports commissioning in 2012 and expanded design capacity of 4,000 t/year. Current operating status and measured annual output are not established by this historical account. No exact startup day or independent lifecycle result is inferred.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "shunli-methanol", "project_name": "Shunli CO₂-to-methanol plant", "company": "henan-shuncheng", "country": "China", "region": "China", "location": "Anyang, Henan", "co2_source": "CO₂ from coke production; hydrogen recovered from coke-oven gas", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol", "primary_product": "Methanol", "development_status": "commissioned_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": { "value": 110000.0, "unit": "t/year", "basis": "product_output", "substance": "Methanol", "evidence_ids": [ "source-shunli" ] }, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": "t/year", "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-shunli" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-10", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "Historical baseline attributed to technology supplier CRI. The source mentions both Q3 2022 commissioning and completion in October 2022; no exact startup date is inferred. The 110,000 t/year figure is design capacity, not measured output. Fossil-derived feedstock is not classified as renewable, and no net climate benefit is adopted.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "haru-oni", "project_name": "Haru Oni e-fuels demonstration plant", "company": "hif-global", "country": "Chile", "region": "South America", "location": "Punta Arenas, Magallanes", "co2_source": "Biogenic CO₂; direct air capture described as a future addition", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol followed by methanol-to-gasoline", "primary_product": "Synthetic gasoline", "development_status": "operation_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": null, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": null, "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-haru-oni", "source-haru-oni-design" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-10", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "HIF reports operation; the 2022 announcement targeted 130,000 L/year of gasoline and 350 tons/year of intermediate methanol. Gasoline capacity is retained here in its original volume unit, not converted into a mass-based capacity field. First fuel production is not proof of sustained annual throughput. No operating DAC feedstock or net climate benefit is inferred.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "airplant-one", "project_name": "AirPlant One e-fuels facility", "company": "twelve", "country": "United States", "region": "North America", "location": "Moses Lake, Washington", "co2_source": "Captured CO₂; origin not specified in the cited pages", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ electrolysis to syngas followed by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis", "primary_product": "Synthetic aviation fuel", "development_status": "operation_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": null, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": null, "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-airplant-one", "source-airplant-design" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-10", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "Twelve reports the plant online. Initial E-Jet design capacity is approximately 40,000 gallons/year; the source does not specify the gallon convention or fuel density. This volume is not converted into a mass-based capacity field. Actual annual output, utilization and independently verified lifecycle performance remain unknown.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "era-one", "project_name": "ERA ONE power-to-liquid plant", "company": "ineratec", "country": "Germany", "region": "Europe", "location": "Industriepark Frankfurt-Höchst", "co2_source": "Biogenic CO₂ supplied through the industrial park", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂-to-syngas followed by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis", "primary_product": "Synthetic fuels", "development_status": "operation_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": { "value": 2500.0, "unit": "t/year", "basis": "product_output", "substance": "Synthetic fuels", "evidence_ids": [ "source-era-one" ] }, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": "t/year", "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-era-one" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-10", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "INERATEC reports first products and operation. The up-to-2,500 t/year target covers e-fuels and is a design upper limit, not measured output or a dedicated aviation-fuel capacity. Product split, uptime and net climate performance are not established. Certification and market superlatives are not adopted as independent findings.", "sample": false }, { "project_id": "heim-berlin", "project_name": "HEIM Berlin concrete mineralization site", "company": "heim-group", "country": "Germany", "region": "Europe", "location": "Berlin", "co2_source": "Biogenic CO₂, mainly from MVV biowaste fermentation in Dresden", "capture_technology": null, "conversion_pathway": "CO₂ mineralization in recycled concrete", "primary_product": "Carbonated recycled aggregate", "development_status": "operation_reported", "technology_trl": null, "announced_capacity": null, "operational_capacity": null, "capacity_units": null, "expected_startup_date": null, "actual_startup_date": null, "capex": null, "opex": null, "energy_requirements": [], "hydrogen_requirements": [], "climate_claims": [], "lca_evidence": [], "sources": [ "source-heim-berlin", "source-heim-launch" ], "date_last_verified": "2026-10-10", "confidence_level": "medium", "limitations": "Neustark reports operation at its partner HEIM’s site since autumn 2023. Reported storage capacity is above 1,000 t CO₂/year; a lower-bound CO₂ storage claim is not entered as an exact product-output capacity. The site’s 200,000 t/year demolition-waste recycling figure is not carbonated-product output. Measured annual sequestration and an independent project LCA are not established.", "sample": false } ], "events": [], "technologies": [ { "technology_id": "amine-point-source-capture", "technology_name": "Point-source capture by amine absorption", "pathway_category": "Capture & conditioning", "value_chain_stage": "capture", "summary": "Chemical absorption removes CO₂ from flue or process gas, then heat regenerates the solvent and releases a concentrated CO₂ stream.", "carbon_fate": "Capture alone stores nothing. The fate of the carbon is set by the downstream use or storage route.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CO₂ + 2 RNH₂ ⇌ RNHCOO⁻ + RNH₃⁺ (carbamate formation, primary amine)" ], "feedstocks": [ "Flue gas or process off-gas", "Aqueous amine solvent", "Regeneration heat", "Electricity" ], "products": [ "Concentrated CO₂", "CO₂-depleted gas" ], "catalysts": [ "No catalyst; amine solvent formulation sets absorption rate, cyclic capacity and degradation" ], "process_conditions": "Absorber near ambient temperature; stripper at elevated temperature with steam. Report solvent, capture rate, CO₂ purity and specific heat duty on one stated boundary.", "process_flow": [ "Gas pretreatment", "Absorber", "Rich / lean heat exchange", "Stripper", "CO₂ drying + compression" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 0.5, "unit": "mol CO₂/mol amine", "basis": "Carbamate stoichiometry, primary amine", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Upper bound for carbamate formation only; operating cyclic loading is lower and solvent-specific" }, { "value": 0.119, "unit": "GJ/t CO₂", "basis": "Minimum separation work from 12 mol% CO₂", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Ideal gas at 298 K and 1 atm, pure CO₂ product, vanishing capture fraction; excludes compression and all real losses" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Amine absorption is established in gas processing; readiness for a specific flue gas, capture rate and site must be shown by that installation.", "known_limitations": [ "Regeneration heat demand and its source", "Solvent degradation, emissions and reclaiming", "Flue-gas impurities (SOₓ, NOₓ, O₂, particulates)", "Capture rate versus marginal energy penalty" ], "reference_projects": [], "economics": "Cost depends strongly on CO₂ concentration, plant size, heat availability and operating hours. A capture cost excludes conditioning, transport and the downstream use or storage.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Count emissions from regeneration heat, electricity and solvent supply. Fossil or biogenic origin of the captured carbon decides what downstream claims are possible.", "references": [ "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176731", "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/carbon-dioxide-capture-and-storage/" ], "related_learning": [ "capture", "ccu-ccs-cdr" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "direct-air-capture", "technology_name": "Direct air capture", "pathway_category": "Capture & conditioning", "value_chain_stage": "capture", "summary": "Liquid or solid sorbents take CO₂ directly from ambient air; regeneration then delivers concentrated CO₂ for storage or use.", "carbon_fate": "Atmospheric origin is necessary but not sufficient for removal: the CO₂ must then be stored durably. Used in fuels, it is re-released.", "chemical_reactions": [ "2 KOH + CO₂ → K₂CO₃ + H₂O (liquid-solvent route, simplified)", "CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ (calciner regeneration)" ], "feedstocks": [ "Ambient air (~420 ppm CO₂)", "Sorbent or solvent", "Heat", "Electricity" ], "products": [ "Concentrated CO₂" ], "catalysts": [ "No catalyst; sorbent chemistry (hydroxide solutions or amine-functionalised solids) controls uptake and regeneration" ], "process_conditions": "Very large air-contacting area. Regeneration ranges from moderate-temperature vacuum/steam swing for solid sorbents to high-temperature calcination for liquid-solvent loops.", "process_flow": [ "Air contactor", "Sorbent loading", "Regeneration", "CO₂ purification", "Compression" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 0.438, "unit": "GJ/t CO₂", "basis": "Minimum separation work from 420 ppm", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Ideal gas at 298 K and 1 atm, pure CO₂ product, vanishing capture fraction; real systems need several times more energy" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Pilot and early commercial plants exist; each must be judged on measured net capture over sustained operation.", "known_limitations": [ "Energy demand from a very dilute source", "Sorbent lifetime and degradation", "Air-contactor capital cost and land use", "Low-carbon energy supply" ], "reference_projects": [], "economics": "Capital-intensive and energy-intensive per tonne. Published cost figures differ in boundary, scale and year; compare only like-for-like delivered-CO₂ costs.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Net removal requires subtracting emissions from energy, materials and construction, and durable storage of the delivered CO₂.", "references": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006", "https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/direct-air-capture" ], "related_learning": [ "capture", "ccu-ccs-cdr", "lca" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "co2-to-methanol", "technology_name": "CO₂ to methanol", "pathway_category": "Catalytic hydrogenation", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "CO₂ and hydrogen react over a copper/zinc-oxide catalyst to make methanol, a fuel and chemical building block.", "carbon_fate": "Methanol used as fuel releases its carbon at combustion; methanol converted into durable chemicals or materials holds it longer.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CO₂ + 3 H₂ → CH₃OH + H₂O" ], "feedstocks": [ "Purified CO₂", "Hydrogen" ], "products": [ "Methanol", "Water" ], "catalysts": [ "Cu/ZnO-based catalyst systems; formulation is process-specific" ], "process_conditions": "Elevated pressure and temperature; report the specific reactor conditions rather than a universal optimum.", "process_flow": [ "CO₂ purification", "Hydrogen + compression", "Catalytic synthesis", "Condensation + recycle", "Distillation", "Methanol" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 1.3735955056179776, "unit": "t CO₂/t methanol", "basis": "Ideal net reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Complete atom balance; excludes losses and purge" }, { "value": 0.18876404494382024, "unit": "t H₂/t methanol", "basis": "Ideal net reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Not actual plant consumption" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Project-dependent. No plant-level scale or operational status has been verified in this initial atlas.", "known_limitations": [ "Hydrogen cost and electricity supply", "CO₂ contaminants and catalyst life", "Water separation, purge losses and heat integration", "Product offtake and capital utilization" ], "reference_projects": [ "kasso-methanol", "jiangsu-sailboat", "poseidon-mannheim", "george-olah", "shunli-methanol", "haru-oni" ], "economics": "Purchased hydrogen can dominate feedstock cost. Use the transparent scenario model; its partial cost excludes capital recovery and fixed operating expenses.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Carbon in fuel is released at use. Climate benefit depends on feedstock origin, displaced production and energy supply; utilization does not establish removal.", "references": [ "https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jan/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Methanol" ], "related_learning": [ "methanol", "tea", "lca" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "co2-methanation", "technology_name": "CO₂ methanation", "pathway_category": "Catalytic hydrogenation", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "The Sabatier reaction combines CO₂ with hydrogen over a nickel or ruthenium catalyst to make synthetic methane.", "carbon_fate": "Carbon returns to the atmosphere when the fuel is combusted, typically within months to a few years of production.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CO₂ + 4 H₂ → CH₄ + 2 H₂O (Sabatier, strongly exothermic)" ], "feedstocks": [ "CO₂ or biogas CO₂", "Hydrogen" ], "products": [ "Synthetic methane", "Water", "Process heat" ], "catalysts": [ "Nickel-based catalysts; ruthenium for some applications" ], "process_conditions": "Catalytic route typically operates at a few hundred °C with active heat removal; biological methanation operates near ambient temperature with methanogenic archaea.", "process_flow": [ "CO₂ + H₂ feed", "Methanation reactor", "Heat recovery", "Water removal", "Gas upgrading", "Grid injection" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 2.743, "unit": "t CO₂/t CH₄", "basis": "Ideal net reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Complete conversion; excludes slip, purge and losses" }, { "value": 0.503, "unit": "t H₂/t CH₄", "basis": "Ideal net reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Not actual plant consumption" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Power-to-gas plants have been built at various scales; operating hours and measured output must be verified per site.", "known_limitations": [ "Hydrogen cost and electrolyser utilisation", "Heat management of the exothermic reaction", "Catalyst sensitivity to sulphur and other impurities", "Competes with low-cost natural gas" ], "reference_projects": [], "economics": "Hydrogen supply dominates. Roughly half the hydrogen ends up as water, so energy efficiency from electricity to methane is lower than for some other e-fuels.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Methane slip along the chain can erode benefits; electricity carbon intensity and CO₂ origin determine the result.", "references": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.066", "https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use" ], "related_learning": [ "tea", "lca" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "rwgs-fischer-tropsch", "technology_name": "CO₂ to synthetic hydrocarbons (RWGS + Fischer–Tropsch)", "pathway_category": "Thermochemical synthesis", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "CO₂ is first converted to CO-rich syngas—by reverse water–gas shift or co-electrolysis—then Fischer–Tropsch synthesis builds liquid hydrocarbons such as e-kerosene.", "carbon_fate": "Carbon returns to the atmosphere when the fuel is combusted, typically within months to a few years of production.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CO₂ + H₂ ⇌ CO + H₂O (reverse water–gas shift)", "n CO + 2n H₂ → (–CH₂–)ₙ + n H₂O (Fischer–Tropsch)" ], "feedstocks": [ "CO₂", "Hydrogen" ], "products": [ "Synthetic kerosene, diesel and naphtha", "Waxes", "Water" ], "catalysts": [ "RWGS: process-specific high-temperature catalysts", "Fischer–Tropsch: cobalt- or iron-based catalysts" ], "process_conditions": "RWGS is endothermic and favoured at high temperature; Fischer–Tropsch is exothermic at lower temperature. Product distribution needs hydrocracking and refining.", "process_flow": [ "CO₂ + H₂ feed", "RWGS reactor", "Syngas conditioning", "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis", "Upgrading / refining", "Liquid fuels" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 3.137, "unit": "t CO₂/t –CH₂–", "basis": "Ideal net reaction CO₂ + 3 H₂ → –CH₂– + 2 H₂O", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Complete conversion to a long-chain paraffin unit; excludes light-gas by-products and losses" }, { "value": 0.431, "unit": "t H₂/t –CH₂–", "basis": "Ideal net reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Not actual plant consumption" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Fischer–Tropsch is industrial for fossil syngas; integration with CO₂ and electrolytic hydrogen is at demonstration and first-of-a-kind scale.", "known_limitations": [ "Hydrogen cost and supply continuity", "RWGS high-temperature heat and selectivity", "Broad product distribution and upgrading", "Fuel certification and offtake" ], "reference_projects": [ "era-one", "airplant-one" ], "economics": "Hydrogen and capital dominate. Compare with fossil jet fuel only on a stated, complete boundary and separate any policy support from production cost.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Low-carbon electricity is essential. Fuel-use emissions return the carbon; claims depend on CO₂ origin and the accounting rules applied.", "references": [ "https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-e-fuels-in-decarbonising-transport", "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00435" ], "related_learning": [ "tea", "lca", "trl" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "electrochemical-co2", "technology_name": "Electrochemical CO₂ conversion", "pathway_category": "Electrochemical reduction", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "An electrolyser uses electricity to reduce CO₂ at a cathode to CO, formate, ethylene or other products.", "carbon_fate": "Depends on the product: CO or formate for fuels re-release carbon; multicarbon products used in materials hold it longer.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CO₂ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻ → CO + H₂O (cathode half-reaction)" ], "feedstocks": [ "CO₂", "Water", "Electricity" ], "products": [ "CO or other products, depending on catalyst and reactor" ], "catalysts": [ "Silver-based systems for CO; copper-based systems for multicarbon products" ], "process_conditions": "Specify electrolyte, full-cell voltage, current density, electrode area and operating duration together.", "process_flow": [ "CO₂ conditioning", "Electrolyser stack", "Gas / liquid separation", "Product purification", "Recycle" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 1.571, "unit": "t CO₂/t CO", "basis": "Ideal cathode reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Complete conversion; excludes carbonate crossover and other carbon losses" }, { "value": 1914.0, "unit": "Ah/kg CO", "basis": "Faraday's law, 2 e⁻ per CO", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Minimum charge at 100% Faradaic efficiency; energy also requires the full-cell voltage" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Laboratory and larger systems must be assessed individually; no universal pathway TRL is assigned.", "known_limitations": [ "Carbonate formation and carbon losses", "Membrane durability and flooding", "Scale-dependent electrode uniformity", "Dilute product separation" ], "reference_projects": [ "airplant-one" ], "economics": "Faradaic efficiency alone does not specify electricity consumption: full-cell voltage, current and production rate are needed.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Include electricity and replacement materials; track carbon leaving every outlet, not only the desired product.", "references": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00973-9", "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-024-00696-9" ], "related_learning": [ "electrochemical", "trl" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "gas-fermentation", "technology_name": "Gas fermentation", "pathway_category": "Biological conversion", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "Acetogenic bacteria convert CO, CO₂ and H₂ from industrial off-gas or electrolysis into ethanol and other chemicals.", "carbon_fate": "Depends on the product: ethanol used as fuel re-releases carbon quickly; chemicals and polymers made from it hold carbon for their service life.", "chemical_reactions": [ "6 CO + 3 H₂O → C₂H₅OH + 4 CO₂ (CO-rich off-gas)", "2 CO₂ + 6 H₂ → C₂H₅OH + 3 H₂O (CO₂ + hydrogen)" ], "feedstocks": [ "Steel-mill or other CO-rich off-gas", "CO₂ + hydrogen", "Nutrients" ], "products": [ "Ethanol", "Acetate and other chemicals", "Microbial protein" ], "catalysts": [ "Biocatalyst: acetogenic bacteria (e.g. Clostridium autoethanogenum)" ], "process_conditions": "Near-ambient temperature in aqueous broth; performance depends on gas–liquid mass transfer, strain and gas impurities.", "process_flow": [ "Gas cleaning", "Bioreactor", "Broth separation", "Distillation", "Product" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 1.911, "unit": "t CO₂/t ethanol", "basis": "Ideal net reaction from CO₂ + H₂", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "No biomass growth, by-products or losses" }, { "value": 0.263, "unit": "t H₂/t ethanol", "basis": "Ideal net reaction from CO₂ + H₂", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Not actual plant consumption; CO-rich gas routes need less or no added hydrogen" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Commercial plants operate on CO-rich industrial off-gas; CO₂ + H₂ operation must be assessed separately.", "known_limitations": [ "Low gas solubility and mass transfer", "Dilute product and separation energy", "Feed-gas variability and contaminants", "Hydrogen supply for CO₂-only feeds" ], "reference_projects": [], "economics": "Off-gas availability, ethanol prices and separation energy drive the result; CO₂-only routes add hydrogen cost.", "lifecycle_evidence": "When using fossil-derived off-gas, the climate benefit is avoided production, not removal. Allocation with the host plant must be explicit.", "references": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.017" ], "related_learning": [ "lca", "trl" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "co2-polymers", "technology_name": "CO₂-based polycarbonates and polyols", "pathway_category": "Polymer chemistry", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "CO₂ is copolymerised with epoxides to make polycarbonates or polyether-carbonate polyols that partly replace fossil feedstock in polyurethanes.", "carbon_fate": "Bound in the polymer for the product's service life; end-of-life incineration releases it, landfill or recycling retains it longer. Not permanent storage.", "chemical_reactions": [ "n C₃H₆O + n CO₂ → [–CH(CH₃)CH₂O–C(O)O–]ₙ (propylene oxide copolymerisation)" ], "feedstocks": [ "CO₂", "Epoxides (e.g. propylene oxide)", "Starter molecules" ], "products": [ "Polyether-carbonate polyols", "Aliphatic polycarbonates" ], "catalysts": [ "Double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts; zinc and cobalt complexes" ], "process_conditions": "Moderate temperature and CO₂ pressure in liquid phase; catalyst choice controls CO₂ incorporation and cyclic carbonate by-product.", "process_flow": [ "CO₂ + epoxide feed", "Copolymerisation reactor", "By-product removal", "Polyol finishing", "Polyurethane production" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 0.431, "unit": "t CO₂/t polymer", "basis": "Perfectly alternating poly(propylene carbonate)", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Upper bound; commercial polyols incorporate substantially less CO₂ by mass" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "CO₂-containing polyols have been produced industrially; volumes per site must be checked against producer disclosures.", "known_limitations": [ "Limited CO₂ mass fraction per tonne of product", "Epoxide supply and its own emissions", "Product qualification versus incumbent polyols", "Small total CO₂ volumes relative to emissions" ], "reference_projects": [], "economics": "Value comes mainly from displacing more expensive epoxide feedstock, not from CO₂ consumption volume.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Benefits stem mostly from avoided fossil feedstock. Compare full cradle-to-gate polyol results, then account for end-of-life fate.", "references": [ "https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41788C", "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00435" ], "related_learning": [ "lca" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "photocatalytic-co2", "technology_name": "Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction", "pathway_category": "Photochemical conversion", "value_chain_stage": "conversion", "summary": "Semiconductor photocatalysts use sunlight to drive CO₂ reduction with water directly, without a separate electrolyser.", "carbon_fate": "Most target products (CO, methane, methanol) are fuels or fuel precursors, so carbon is typically re-released at use.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CO₂ + 2 H₂O → CH₄ + 2 O₂ (overall, 8-electron)", "CO₂ → CO + ½ O₂ (overall, 2-electron)" ], "feedstocks": [ "CO₂", "Water", "Sunlight" ], "products": [ "CO, methane, methanol or formate (catalyst-dependent)", "Oxygen" ], "catalysts": [ "Semiconductors such as TiO₂ with co-catalysts; molecular and hybrid systems" ], "process_conditions": "Near-ambient temperature under illumination. Report light source, spectrum, irradiance, quantum yield, product rates and control experiments together.", "process_flow": [ "CO₂ + water feed", "Illuminated photoreactor", "Gas separation", "Product purification" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 8.0, "unit": "mol e⁻/mol CH₄", "basis": "Reaction stoichiometry", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Electrons transferred per methane formed; sets the charge-carrier demand, not the efficiency" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Predominantly laboratory research; solar-to-fuel efficiencies reported so far are generally low.", "known_limitations": [ "Low solar-to-fuel efficiency", "Product separation from mixed, dilute streams", "Catalyst stability under illumination", "Carbon contamination artefacts in measurements" ], "reference_projects": [], "economics": "No credible plant economics yet; reactor area per unit output is the key cost driver.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Lifecycle data is limited to early-stage estimates; materials and large reactor area dominate.", "references": [ "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207199", "https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use" ], "related_learning": [ "trl" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" }, { "technology_id": "carbon-mineralization", "technology_name": "Carbon mineralization", "pathway_category": "Mineralization", "value_chain_stage": "mineralization", "summary": "CO₂ reacts with calcium- or magnesium-rich materials such as slags or concrete to form stable carbonates.", "carbon_fate": "Carbonate minerals are stable over geological timescales if not recalcined or acid-leached; durability is the strongest of any CCU route.", "chemical_reactions": [ "CaO + CO₂ → CaCO₃ (simplified net reaction)" ], "feedstocks": [ "Reactive alkaline material", "CO₂" ], "products": [ "Carbonates", "Construction materials where qualified" ], "catalysts": [ "No universal catalyst; mineral reactivity and conditioning control the process" ], "process_conditions": "Pressure, moisture and particle size depend on feedstock and product route.", "process_flow": [ "Feedstock qualification", "Preparation", "Carbonation", "Product testing", "Use" ], "technical_performance": [ { "value": 0.785, "unit": "t CO₂/t CaO", "basis": "Simplified net reaction", "provenance": "theoretical", "evidence_ids": [], "assumptions": "Complete carbonation of reactive CaO; real materials contain less reactive phase" } ], "current_trl": null, "demonstrated_scale": "Route-specific; curing, aggregate production and waste treatment cannot share one readiness rating.", "known_limitations": [ "Reactive feedstock supply", "Grinding and transport energy", "Contaminants and leaching", "Construction product qualification" ], "reference_projects": [ "heim-berlin" ], "economics": "Consider feedstock treatment, CO₂ delivery, product value and local transport rather than carbon uptake alone.", "lifecycle_evidence": "Carbonate retention may be durable, but net removal additionally requires atmospheric carbon and a complete lifecycle balance. Calcining virgin limestone can offset carbonation uptake.", "references": [ "https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use" ], "related_learning": [ "ccu-ccs-cdr", "lca" ], "last_updated": "2026-10-10" } ], "articles": [] }